hindenburg line is boundary between

A final German counter-attack was made to recapture all of Bullecourt and the Hindenburg trenches on 15 May. The German strategic reserve rose to c. 40 divisions by the end of March and the Aisne front was reinforced with the 1st Army, released by Operation Alberich and other divisions, which raised the number to 21 in line and 17 in reserve on the Aisne by early April. Preparations for a further advance were hampered by the obstacles of the Hindenburg defences, which had been crossed but which limited the routes by which the most advanced British forces could be supplied. They predicted that Ablösungsdivisionen (relief divisions) would not be ready in time for hasty counter-attacks to succeed and that they should make planned counter-attacks after 24–48 hours with full artillery support. It was drawn in 1896 by Sir Mortimer Durand. British infantry and cavalry were finding greater German resistance. The Germans retreated to this line in 1917 during World War I Mason-Dixon Line is a line of demarcation between four states in the United State. [26], In much of the new position, the new principle of reverse-slope positions with artillery-observation posts to the rear was not followed. [11] Despite the shortfalls, by the summer of 1917, the Westheer artillery park had increased from 5,300 to 6,700 field guns and from 3,700 to 4,300 heavy guns, many being newer models of superior performance. French troops south of the British Fourth Army were freed to join the strategic reserve by an extension of the British front, to just north Roye on the Avre facing St Quentin, which was complete by 26 February. [90], The German defensive strategy on the Western Front in 1917, succeeded in resisting the increase in the offensive power of the Entente, without the loss of vital territory but the attrition of German manpower was slowed rather than reversed. Divisions released by the retirement and other reinforcements increased the number of divisions on the Aisne front to 38 by early April. Behind the Fifth and Fourth army fronts, the course of the Hindenburg Line was further away and the winter weather was exceptionally bad, which grounded aircraft and made air observation unreliable. [16][a], The Hundingstellung (Hunding Position) was to run from Péronne to Etain, north-east of Verdun behind the Champagne battlefields of 1915. When an immediate counter-attack (Gegenstoss) from behind the defensive position was not possible, a deliberate counter-attack (Gegenangriff) was to be planned over several days. India recognizes the Durand Line but Afghanistan does not. Radcliffe Line ‐ This international boundary line is between India and Bangladesh & India and Pakistan drawn by Sir Cyril Radcliffe in 1947. Hindenburg Line is the boundary dividing Germany and Poland. A larger number of divisions might reduce the strain on the Westheer and realise a surplus for offensives on other fronts. The French returned to a policy of decisive battle, with a breakthrough to be achieved within 24–48 hours, leading to the "total destruction of active enemy forces by manoeuvre and battle". [90] The French strategy of breakthrough and decisive battle had failed disastrously and for the rest of 1917, the French armies resorted to a strategy of "healing and defence". • Boundary Lines: The Hindenburg Line was a German defensive post built during the winter of 1916-1917 on the western front during World War I. Front line troops were allowed to move away from fire, preferably by advancing into no man's land but moves to the flanks and rear were also allowed. 1.14 th Parallel line 2.24 th Parallel line 3.28 th Parallel line 4.34 th Parallel line. The British Fourth and Fifth armies organised all-arms forces of cavalry squadrons, infantry and cyclist battalions and artillery batteries, some of which had armoured-car units attached. (a) Hindenburg Line (b) Curzon Line (c) Green Line (d) Plimsoll Line Show Answer (b) Curzon Line. The boundary line between Azad Kashmir and Occupied Kashmir demarcated as a result of Shimla declaration in 1972 is _____? * Hindenburg Line is the boundary dividing Germany and Poland. The attack failed, except at Bullecourt where the west of the village was regained. Behind the old British front line, the thaw badly affected roads, which had been in a very poor condition at the end of 1916, many were closed and others were limited to horse-drawn traffic. 17. The conduct of the Anglo-French pursuit conformed to this model. The Germans had the advantage of falling back over good roads to prepared defences, protected by rearguards. The French breakthrough attempt was defeated but forced the Germans to abandon the area between Braye, Condé and Laffaux and withdraw to the Hindenburg Line from Laffaux Mill, along the Chemin des Dames to Courtecon. 3. The Hindenburg Line is the boundary dividing Germany and Poland. (a) Hindenburg Line (b) Curzon Line (c) Green Line (d) Plimsoll Line Show Answer (b) Curzon Line. Steel-reinforced concrete dug-outs for infantry squads and artillery-observation posts were standard designs and all woodwork was made to a pattern. The Hindenburg Line was a German defensive position of World War I, built during the winter of 1916–1917 on the Western Front, from Arras to Laffaux, near Soissons on the Aisne. * Mason-Dixon Line is a line of demarcation between four states in the United State. The Germans retreated to this line in 1917 during World War I. Marginal Line was the 320 km line of fortification on the Russia-Finland border. It was a defensive fortification built against the Soviet Union … C) Hindenburg line. Fighting on the Fourth Army front, for the remaining outpost villages, went on until the end of April. e) None of these German workers were to be subjected to an Auxiliary Service Law (Hilfsdienstgesetz) that from November 1916, subjected all Germans from 16 to 50 years old to compulsory service. Unrestricted submarine warfare and strategic bombing would weaken the Anglo-French as the German armies in the west (Westheer) recuperated. By the end of the Battle of Morval (25–28 September) Rupprecht had no reserves left on the Somme. British aircraft losses on these flights were severe due to the presence of Jagdstaffel 11 (the Richthofen Circus) near Douai; six British reconnaissance aircraft were shot down on 15 April, along with two escorts. Limited-objective attacks at Loos, Arras, the Somme and the Aisne were considered but the manpower and equipment shortage meant that even smaller attacks risked using up reserves needed for defence against the expected Anglo-French spring offensives. e) None of these – Poland & Germany. [76], In the case of an organised withdrawal, Haig described a cautious follow up by advanced guards, in front of a main force moving periodically from defensive position to defensive position, always providing a firm base on which the advanced guards could retire. By late March each British corps in the pursuit had diverted a minimum of one division to work on road repairs and bridging, the thaw making the effect of German demolitions far worse. (a) Hot Line (b) Hindenburg Une (c) Maginot Line (d) None of them 9. The German defences on the Ancre began to collapse under British attacks in January 1917, which caused Rupprecht to urge on 28 January, that the retirement to the Siegfriedstellung (Hindenburg Line) begin. Against the new scales of equipment, British divisions in early 1917 had 64 heavy and 192 light machine-guns and the French 88 heavy and 432 light machine-guns. The Fifth Army lost 14,000–16,000 casualties and German losses in two divisions were 4,500 casualties, with casualties in the regiments of five other divisions engaged being c. 1,000 at a minimum. Railway transport was even worse affected, with Boulogne harbour blocked, the number of trains and wagons on the northern French railways far short of British requirements, the lines being congested and subject to traffic restrictions. Ludendorff accepted the analysis that no offensive was possible. The precedent of a German withdrawal to a prepared position followed by a counter-attack, which had occurred in 1914 was noted and that reserves, freed by the retirement, would give the Germans an opportunity to attack the flanks of the withdrawal area. In 1916, the German offensive at the Battle of Verdun had been a costly failure. The line named after German Army General Paul Von Hindenburg. A tank attack by the Fifth Army was improvised for 10 April on a front of 1,500 yd (1,400 m) to capture Riencourt and Hendecourt. Siegfried Line East is the boundary line between which two Countries? Planning began in late 1916 and Operation Turk's Cross (Unternehmen Türkenkreutz) began in May 1917. Unrestricted submarine warfare caused the United States to declare war on 6 April and failed to isolate Britain from its overseas sources of supply. Mason-dixon Line. The Internatioanl boundary line between two pieces of property. 315) ‘Takla Makan Desert’ is located in : A) Xinjing (China) B) East Africa. (a) Hot Line (b) Control Line (c) McMahon Line (d) None of them 2. The Germans retreated to this line in 1917 during World War I; Mason-Dixon Line is a line of demarcation between four states in the United State. General von Hoen and Colonel Fritz von Lossberg the 1st Army Chief of Staff issued a memorandum, Erfahrungen der I Armee in der Sommeschlacht (Experience of the German 1st Army in the Somme Battles) on 30 January 1917. By wasting the intervening ground, the Germans could delay a spring offensive in 1917. The existing artillery positions were scrapped and the artillery sited to dominate ground useful for the assembly of assault-troops, such as the La Vacquerie plateau. The emergency in Russia caused by the Brusilov Offensive, the entry of Romania into the war and the French counter offensive at Verdun had already overstretched the German army. Hindenburg Line is the boundary dividing Germany and Poland. The Germans parted to this line in 1917 during World War I Mason-Dixon Line is a line of demarcation between four states in the United State. It is France’s Defensive Line. The British attacked again on 7 May with the 7th Division towards Bullecourt and the 1st Australian Brigade west along the Hindenburg trenches, which met at the second objective. Work began on another defensive position in the autumn of 1917, with the original Hindenburg Line as its front-trench system. [58] By 18 March the German 6th, 1st, 2nd and 7th armies were withdrawing and British and French cavalry patrols met in Nesle, 9.5 mi (15.3 km) behind the old front line. [71], The success of the German withdrawal to the Hindenburg Line has been explained as an Allied failure to anticipate the retirement and in being unable seriously to impede it. Before the war, Germany had imported nitrates for propellant manufacture and only the discovery before the war of the Haber process for the synthesis of nitrates from atmospheric nitrogen, enabled Germany to produce explosives while blockaded. The British attack broke through the Siegfried I Stellung but was contained in the rear battlezone (rückwärtige Kampfzone) by the Siegfried II Stellung, which had been built on the east side of the St Quentin canal on this part of the front. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Distant reconnaissance, some by single-seat fighters, found no evidence of German defences beyond the Hindenburg Line but many new aerodromes and supply dumps, indicating the permanence of the new position. In July 1916, the output target had been raised from 7,900 to 9,800 long tons (8,000 to 10,000 t), which was expected to cover existing demand and the extra 2,000 long tons (2,000 t) of output demanded by Hindenburg and Ludendorff could never match the doubling and trebling of artillery, machine-guns and trench mortars. Boundary Lines: Country: Durand Line: Pakistan and Afghanistan: Hindenburg Line: Germany and Poland: Mason-Dixon Line: demarcation between four states in the United State Hindenburg Line, defensive barrier improvised by the German army on the Western Front in World War I. Supply difficulties had also begun to increase on the Third Army and Fourth Army fronts before the German withdrawals. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The French Third Army prepared to attack at St Quentin on 10 April, for which the preliminary bombardment began on 4 April. Hindenburg Line – Hindenburg Line is the boundary dividing Germany and Poland. • Boundary Lines: The Hindenburg Line was a German defensive post built during the winter of 1916-1917 on the western front during World War I. Macmahon Line: Macmahon Line existed between India and China. On the night of 12 March, the Germans withdrew from the Riegel I Stellung between Bapaume and Achiet le Petit, while small parties of troops sent up flares to mislead the British, who were preparing an attack. [12], Hindenburg and Ludendorff forced a return to the policy of unrestricted submarine warfare on 9 January 1917 and engineered the dismissal of the Chancellor Bethmann-Hollweg and other opponents of the policy the next day. Heudicourt, Sorel and Fins were lost on 30 March. Answer ... Hindenburg Line is the boundary dividing Germany and Poland. The German retirement from the Riegel III Stellung had begun on 19 March when Nurlu and Bertincourt were occupied by the British after slight pressure. Continuous and methodical battles were replaced by limited attacks followed by consolidation. British air reconnaissance discovered diggings between Drocourt and Vitry en Artois at the end of January and on 15 February, found a line between Quéant and Etaing. This boundary line … Infantry of the 1/8th Royal Warwicks crossed that evening and were then ferried over the river beyond on rafts, to become the first Allied troops into Péronne. [77], Beach concluded that evidence of German intentions had been collected by air reconnaissance, spy reports and debriefings of refugees and escaped prisoners of war but that German deception measures made information gleaned from intermittent air reconnaissance during the frequent bad flying weather over the winter appear unremarkable. Artillery observation posts were built in the front-trench system or in front of it. A second attack on 4 February succeeded. The attack on the north bank, to gain observation over Miraumont from the west, succeeded despite the weather and the Germans being forewarned. The withdrawal went straight back to the Siegfriedstellung (Hindenburg Line) except for outposts at Hénin sur Cojeul, St Martin sur Cojeul and the west end of Neuville Vitasse. News of the first German retirements led the army group commander, General Franchet d'Espérey to advocate an attempt to surprise the Germans and force them to retreat prematurely. [82] In April 1917, an analysis by II Corps had found that patrols coming under fire had stopped to report, ground of tactical importance had been ignored by patrols that had returned to British lines, forfeiting opportunities to force German withdrawals and artillery had been reluctant to push forward. A German breakthrough attempt was rejected for lack of means and the consequences of failure. D) Mannerheim line. During World War- I in March 1917 German soldiers retreated towards this line. 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